Strategic Analysis Of Whole Foods Market - Free Sample

Questions: 1) A basic audit of the associations condition. This ought to envelop both the outside/full scale and market conditions. You should utilize fitting vital models and give an end with respect to the idea of the earth looked by the subject association. 2) A basic survey of the way of life and administration of the association. You should audit these elements and consider their effect on the vital choices made. Your survey may incorporate thought of the historical backdrop of the association, its crucial its initiative development.3) A basic audit of the key alternatives accessible to the association later on. Your answer will obviously be incompletely nonexistent yet ought to mirror the assets or the association and the earth confronted. Answers: Presentation Key administration alludes to the way toward figuring and executing targets and activities by an associations the board framework, by considering every single accessible asset alongside surveying both the interior and outer conditions that the association contends in. Key administration is tied in with distinguishing and depicting techniques that supervisors utilize in order to accomplish improved execution and any type of upper hand; upper hand alludes to the state where an associations benefit is a lot higher than the normal gainfulness of different associations or organizations of a similar industry. Another meaning of key administration would be the demonstration of directors undertaking choices that influence the organizations execution. Consequently, it is exceptionally basic for chiefs to have exhaustive information and have the option to deliver an examination of the hierarchical serious condition (Shriberg, 2005. For example, the framework must have the option to lead SWOT investigation for example compelling utilization of qualities and openings and minimization of dangers and shortcomings ought to be guaranteed. This type of the executives just designs for both the anticipated and unreasonable possibilities alongside being relevant to both enormous and little associations. As such, vital administration can be supposed to be the manner by which destinations are basically set and achieved in order to distinguish what course the association is going in (Shriberg, 2005). It essentially manages the procedure of creation and usage of choices influencing the associations future. One is required to comprehend that vital administration is a procedure that is continous in nature, which controls assesses the business that the association is engaged with; it just assesses the associations contenders by making systems and objectives that meet all potential and existing contenders. This is trailed by rethinking all systems for their execution and achievement, all the time and afterward choosing whether if any type of substitution is required or not. Vital administration furnishes representatives inside an association with a more extensive point of view for them to comprehend the significance of their own occupations and how it fits into the hierarchical arrangement alongside its connection to different individuals from the association. It tends to be viewed as the specialty of the executives of representatives that outcomes in amplification of accomplishment of any type of business objectives and goals (Shriberg, 2005). Representatives are required to distinguish the effect of ecological changes on the association and define a likely reaction utilizing vital administration. In the accompanying report, a key investigation of Whole Foods Market is led; it centers around the vital administration framework actualized by the association and its results. 1. Basic Review of Organizations Environment Entire Foods Market is a worldwide association that capacities as a retailer of regular and natural nourishments and has built up a predominant situation in the normal and natural food industry. Entire Foods Market is viewed as the biggest chain of natural and normal nourishments in the United States that has contenders with a few key plans and gatherings including common/natural retailers of food, mass merchandisers, customary merchants and so on. Be that as it may, because of its extension and scale, Whole Foods Market holds a firm serious situation in this industry alongside brand predominance that furnishes its clients with a top notch understanding of shopping. It has effectively figured out how to separate itself from different contenders by essentially concentrating on natural great items (Bliss, 2011). Because of this explanation, this association has an estimated portion of 33.6% in the U.S, with no other serious association anyplace near this accomplishment. Entire Foods Ma rket encounters rivalry from associations, for example, Wal-Mart, Kroger, The Fresh Market and other neighborhood rancher markets. Be that as it may, Whole Foods Market has an upper hand over different associations since it happens to be the main biggest mover inside the natural retail industry. Hierarchical condition alludes to the condition that is straightforwardly liable for accomplishments of the associations objectives and goals. It is basic to perceive the outside powers that continually influence an associations execution alongside its adequacy, in this way, making it basic for an association to completely inspect the segments of its inward and outer condition. Definite assessment of such parts will give the association a comprehension of the broad elements changes that may and are happening. The outer condition or additionally alluded to as the full scale condition essentially comprises of each one of those variables that have a backhanded effect on the association; these incorporate of outside powers, for example, monetary, political or legitimate, mechanical and socio-social powers. Then again, the inward condition or additionally alluded to as the undertaking condition comprises of elements that legitimately influence the hierarchical working; it incorporates of factors, for example, providers, clients, rivalry and work (Business Legal Reports, 2007). The authoritative condition holds most extreme significance since its capriciousness will render an association to be insufficient; hence, the administration should guarantee emotional natural filtering. In setting of Whole Foods Market, the natural elements with most extreme significance and pertinence to the associations business are administrative variables, advertise size, provider channels, segment patterns, mechanical turns of events, social contemplations alongside buyer propensities. These components explicitly sway and are increasingly ideal for the normal and natural food retail industry instead of by and large industry of basic food item because of the chance of extraordinary market development alongside expanded or uplifted quantities of shopper appropriation; the apparent wellbeing and medical advantages permit clients to enthusiastically follow through on an excellent cost (Hinkin, 2010). Coming up next is a point by point ecological investigation of Whole Foods Market when contrasted with standard food retail organizations: Ecological Factors General Food Retail Normal and Organic Retail Market Growth $907 Billion $76 Billion Yearly Growth - 0.9% 5% Segment Trends The food selections of shoppers recommend that wellbeing and wellbeing have become an expanding need. Also, all shoppers have now become more eco-cognizant. Because of monetary improvement, shoppers are currently thinking about natural bushels. The is a section that explicitly takes into account just rich customers Administrative Factors Numerous guidelines exist; for example, FDA endorsement is required while bringing new food items into the market. For natural food advertises, the guidelines become increasingly concentrated and heavier in nature; endorsement from EDA, CPSC, EPA, USDA ETC is required. Mechanical Development Internet shopping is transforming into another pattern; for example may associations, for example, Fresh Direct, Amazon Fresh or Relay Foods, work on the web. A few developments inside the natural food industry are being presented. One model would the presentation of almond milk or hydroponic vegetables. Providers Wide scope of providers accessible. Quite reasonable exchange, natural nearby sourcing and reasonable shade are focused on. Purchaser Preferences or Social Factors Purchasers remain genuinely touchy with regards to cost of food things. The social variables fuse the development of social culture towards expanding ecological mindfulness and expanded help towards manageability. Moreover, the general public is by all accounts moving towards achieving an encountering economy. The apparent wellbeing and medical advantages permit clients to eagerly exchange up and follow through on a superior cost for specific things of food. With regards to food retail of items that are esteemed for their quality, wellbeing and other included components, clients are less inclined to be touchy towards the food things cost. Also, we can generally depend on high brand devotion. Political-Legal Pressures Guidelines with respect to the great principles exist and are required to be met by the association. Expanded mindfulness in regards to sanitation alongside expanded guidelines that indicate food principles. Moreover, purchaser familiarity with the natural food presented by Whole Foods Market is a huge factor influencing the association. As recently referenced, because of the apparent wellbeing and medical advantages permit clients to readily follow through on a top notch cost; in the ongoing years, an inexact acquisition of 82% of natural food items has been recorded. However, comprehend that the flexibly of natural food items may not generally fulfill client needs particularly in territories with low thickness of natural homesteads. Thus, it is exceptionally basic for the association to lead a vital evaluation that thinks about all the ecological elements that may

Improvement of Service Quality for Service

Question: Examine about the Improvement of Service Quality for Service. Answer: Presentation: Efficient plans application can be checked on as it is being applied in regards to the driving of the yield edge in the less end that alongside the adequate explanation on potential plans, consequences for the long and medium-length financing costs through the expectation hypothesis with respect to the period arrangement of the intrigue charges. The issue that shows up is that why central store can't manage the lee-length intrigue charges helpfully, adequately and clearly through devoting to choose and to give quickly stocks on the material expected intrigue charges for example gathering of invalid expansiveness out of nowhere charge passway by winning administrations. As another option, principal money related focus: Appear to give key affordable focus money related repositories by the open modern capacities only differencing from one time range to various (rather on the incessant structure) and respectably applying deal works alongside not many charges or the sum doubtness, and Limitations out of nowhere charge precariousness only tolerably by the overarching administrations at the hour of the discipline charges, for example for applying a non-invalid pathway to the unexpected charges. Thus, this report analyzes that why key money related focuses seems, by all accounts, to be considered as the most troublesome just as flawed for a typical and amazingly accommodating progression for the guideline with respect to the less-length premium charges. As considering to any of the administration the board by Sandman, W. (2012), head are essentially stressed with respect to the time, which the clients are expected to remain for getting their normal offices. The delay in getting the office that will take the administration to coating, which seems, by all accounts, to be the basic issue emerging in the market environment and critically in routine life conditions. The essential angles for the standard coating structure that incorporates the model of the line bunch of necessities, office and appearance techniques, just as the authority over the lines. The legislative association in on location office organization, banks or exchange stores, the need to change the capacity of the office will deduce in the lengthier lines. Subsequently, the comprehension and acknowledgment of client necessities and the administrations, the client picks more at the essential advance with respect to the increase of the office capacity. Between different loom that can be extremely viable for evaluating different choices, recreation has gave off an impression of being set up their extraordinary capacity for surveying and demonstrating in different conditions. Stressing with respect to the highlights of time length just as acquiring the training in regards to the normal structures by which the staying minutes can be effectively diminished is basic and much previous to starting a reenactment. Such trainings are extremely compelling to make recommendations for expected action models or another discretionary change. The changed conditions are then assessed continuously and assessed executing recreation. For making the reenactment structure, the working circumstances in regards to the money related focuses can be precisely surveyed and is essentially thought of. Henceforth, the forthcoming circumstances have been perceived: The bank begins at 9:15 a.m. At 4:30 p.m., the ticket hardware gets halted. Only 1 help counter is being dynamic and from 4 counter only 2 are dynamic. What's more, from that, lone two dynamic counters works till 5 p.m., despite the fact that the other counter works till each client get cooked. From the two dynamic assistance counter, just one counter works. As far as possible for this administration counter is three hours in a day that begins from 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. The resulting assumptions are being perceived at the hour of the reenactment model are made: The clients remain in the structure till the time they get the normal office. The hole among the time, when a server requires a client and at the purpose of time, when the administration gets started and gets ignored. At the administration tables, there is no event of the block during any work. Contingent on the working circumstances with respect to the money related focuses is clarified in the previous fragment, and among that one of the administration tables works after the 4:30 p.m. till each client gets provided food; it very well may be unmistakably assumed that there remains no client in the structure after 7:15 p.m. (for example as the time term of the framework should be of the 600 minutes). Remaining purpose of time is the time that a client gets a token number, at which he/she is to be called for providing food. Time among the glitch of 3 hours and break down time of 12 minutes have been perceived at administration table 2. Reproduction model for the bank Data in regards to the regular section purpose of time of the clients and office time of the two dynamic help tables just as single dynamic counter that can be accumulated during every dynamic day. The plan of the client passage in the structure is a typical quality with respect to the coating model. For acquiring an information with respect to the administration structure, the coordinating portion of passage purpose of time ought to be evaluated. In a few assessments, it can undoubtedly be perceived that the purpose of time among the sections of the clients moves toward a negative quick increment distribution. At the organizing stage, the made hypothetical structure gets changed into the program-depending reenactment model. Customized recreation seems, by all accounts, to be most useful strategy for assessing troublesome structure that is extremely exorbitant for being changed by the genuine testing. Such loom licenses assessment of different office courses of action as opposed to any of the genuine changes, tending it to picking of the ideal goals during expensing critically the lesser cost. The report applies SIMIO model for changing the hypothetical structure with respect to the reproduction structure. The SIMIO reproduction bundle are capable of organizing the assorted variety of isolated (for example, fragment depending) just as regular (for example, fluids and outrageous sum quick changing items) components. The ensuing segment gives information with respect to the reenactment moving and offers the line in regards to the SIMIO recreation structure for the current plan in the fiscal focuses. No, the bank ought not changes the dissemination of the clerks, on the grounds that as considering the total measure of the supervisors to achieve each assignment viably and every day. Henceforth, the changed structure may not seem, by all accounts, to be working good for them. Truly, the bank can change their line change as on the off chance that for improving it and compelling for the clients to complete their work without sitting tight for much time. Every one of the two kinds of clients, for example, standard and favored clients ought to get equivalent treatment and administrations as indicated by their necessities. Every one of them needs roughly 10 minutes of administrations for them and hence by this the supervisor need to provide food every one of the clients till the end time of the administration counter. They should embrace increasingly viable technique as in by working with two help counters and sending two standard clients on table one and one favored client on table two, in order to improve it for both the norm and favored clients. By tolerating this type of strategy, there seems common comprehension and advantages among both the liked and standard clients alongside the administrators on every one of the counter. Through by keeping up the prop ortion of half, they can without much of a stretch keep up the parity among the liked and standard clients. The legitimization strategies can be sorted out to survey the exactness seeing the structure as adjusted to the genuine structure. For executing this, the standard measures of the clients are picked as the assessment of the structure quality. With in regards to this, the exact normal measure of clients enters at the indistinguishable purpose of time on every 5 preparing days at ( and every day, 134 clients can be assumed) must be differentiated for the exact measure of the clients got in the 5 diverse reproduction structure by serving 129 clients on every day. The custom assessment among these two qualities means the reasonable contrast of proportion 3.7% that presents the quality in the reenacted structure. Thus, through the results of A.R. Mukhopadhyay (2011), it very well may be said that from reproducing the current plan of the money related focuses is under assessment. In the bank, the administrator believes that the current normal icon time of 39.47 minutes, which the clients need to hold up by remaining in the line to be provided food through single of the two assistance tables in extremely inappropriate. Subsequently, such worth can be handily decreased by assessing different alternatives. Albeit, through the executives discernment, different perspectives like the cost of applying changes just as the tasks of administration tables can likewise be thought of. For executing this, different game plan can without much of a stretch be suggested and mimicked. The normal results are accessible in the ensuing part. Proposing Different Configuration Alternatives This area presents various designs that may bring about better yields including normal use rate and normal holding up time. This segment presents various setups that may bring about better yields including normal usage rate and normal holding up time. This part sets up the different game plans, which can result in the best option involving normal misuse charge just as normal icon investing energy. In any sort of the conclusion in office keeps an eye on the decrease in the standard time, which clients need to hold up by remaining in the line. Controlling gives off an impression of being one of the significantly valuable structures, which watches out for the decrement in office time on any of the administration tables. Contingent upon the directors recognition, instructing the related cashie

Seven Layer Denisty

The Seven Layer Density Column By Nicia Buttner Grade 8 Table of Contents: Statement of purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Materials†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Observation and results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Acknowledgements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Page 2 The motivation behind this test is to think about the various densities of various fluids. Thickness is a correlation between an item's mass and volume. Thickness = Mass partitioned by Volume.If the weight (or mass) of something increments however the volume remains the equivalent, the thickness needs to go up. On the off chance that the mass reductions yet the volume remains the equivalent, the thickness needs to go down. This trial will show how the heaviness of specific fluids respond to one another. Page 3 The seven fluids I have decided for the trial have various loads and surfaces. My theory is that the fluids that have greater thickness, despite the fact that I am utilizing a similar measure of fluid, will be on the base of the section. The fluids that are less thick will at that point layer on the more thick liquid.They will make a layer of seven unique fluids one on the other. Page 4 Most of the exploration I accomplished for this analysis was on the web. I found a variety of data about the densities of various fluids. One site that was most useful was stevespanglerscience. com. I figured out how various fluids have various densities. A similar measure of oil has an unexpected thickness in comparison to a similar measure of water, for instance. I likewise viewed a video on youtube. com indicating how the examination functions. A few fluids that have various densities are child oil, vegetable oil, water, milk, day break dish cleanser and maple syrup.Each one can be apportioned in a similar sum, yet will have various densities. Page 5 The materials I utilized f or the task are straightforward regular items you use around the house. The holder I utilized was purchased at Walmart and is utilized for holding spaghetti. Different materials I utilized are: Light Karo syrup Water Vegetable oil Dawn dish cleanser (blue) Rubbing liquor Lamp oil Honey Food Coloring or True Color Coloring Tablets Food baster 9 oz partition cups Page 6 1. Measure 8 ounces of each sort of fluid into the 9 ounce parcel cups. You might need to shading every one of the fluids to make an increasingly emotional impact in your column.Light Karo syrup is simpler to shading than dull syrup. The main fluids that you will be unable to shading are the vegetable oil and the nectar. 2. Start your section by emptying the nectar into the chamber. Presently, you will empty every fluid SLOWLY into the compartment, each in turn. It is imperative to empty the fluids gradually and into the focal point of the chamber. Ensure that the fluids don't contact the sides of the chamber while you are pouring. It’s alright if the fluids blend a little as you are pouring. The layers will in every case even themselves out in view of the shifting densities. Ensure you pour the fluids in the accompanying request: HoneyKaro syrup Dish cleanser Water Vegetable oil Rubbing liquor Lamp oil 3. As you pour, the fluids will layer on each other. After you pour in the fluids you will have a seven-layer science explore. Page 7 What I watched was that the various fluids had the option to coast on each other. The most thick fluid remained at the base beginning with the nectar. The least thick fluid was at the top and that was the light oil. Page 8 All these various fluids have various densities. The nectar remained at the base since it had the most elevated thickness of the considerable number of fluids. Every fluid sed after the nectar had somewhat less thickness and that’s why they had the option to layer on each other. Since the light oil had minimal measure of thickness it was on the highest point of the various fluids. This investigation demonstrated how fluids can have equivalent estimation, yet various densities. Page 9 Resources I utilized for this examination are: Stevespanglerscience. com Chemistry. about. com Google. com Youtube. com (video) Page 10 Acknowledgments I need to thank my mother and father for their assistance with my undertaking and research. I likewise need to express gratitude toward Mr. Rothering for his assistance and consolation.

Does Corporate Governance Drive Financing Decisions Of Saudi Arabian Companies Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Abstract This paper contributes to the corporate governance literature by examining the effect of corporate governance characteristics on financing decisions in Saudi Arabian listed companies. In particular, we examine the effect of board size; ownership concentration and corporate governance reporting on the debt-to-equity ratio. We use a multiple regression model to examine how corporate governance variables affect the extent to which Saudi Arabian companies use debt to finance their activities. We use a sample of 37 companies listed in Saudi Stock Market in January 2006 which is based on a recent paper by Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008) who collected their sample from Saudi listed companies websites between October 2005 and January 2006 representing a total number of 77 companies. This helps us to focus on a group of firms that report corporate governance information on their websites After controlling for companies profitability and their growth opportunities, we find that both board size and ownership concentration are positively associated with debt-to-equity ratio. The findings seem to suggest that managers are likely to choose higher financial leverage when they have stronger corporate governance (large number of directors on the board and higher ownership concentration). However, the empirical results of the relationships are statistically insignificant in the case of corporate governance reporting. This suggests that firms asymmetric information is not an important driver of the financing decision of Saudi Arabian companies. This might be due to the nature of the Saudi business environment. 1. Introduction Capital structure decision is a well established part of the accounting and finance research related to determinants of corporate capital structure. Modigliani and Miller (1958) is the first to study this area of research. They find that capital structure decision is unrelated to firm value. They also relax the prefect market assumptions and consider corporate tax into their models (Miller and Modigliani, 1963). Consequently, they find that firm value will be enhanced if the level of debt increases. They explain their findings by the fact that interest rate is a tax deductible and consequently companies would enjoy debt tax shield when funding their activities by long-term debt. However, Miller and Modigliani (1963) don not taken into account the bankruptcy related costs. A natural area of extending these lines of research is to explore other drivers of corporate capital structure decisions. Previous studies offer evidence that corporate governance variables affect firms capital structure decisions (Wen et al., 2002; Du and Dia, 2005; La Rocca, 2007; Driffield et al., 2007; Al-Najjar and Hussainey, 2009a, 2009b). However, there are a very limited number of studies that have examined determinants of capital structure in developing countries and even fewer such studies may be found in the Middle Eastern countries. To the best of our knowledge, no study yet has examined the influence of corporate governance on capital structure decision in Saudi Arabia or Middle Eastern countries. Consequently, this paper is the first to examine the potential corporate governance factors that might drive Saudi Arabian firms to use debt as the main source of finance. This paper is also motivated by the fact that SACMA issued a guidance in 2006 that recommends all listed companies to disclose corporate governance information to the public. Therefore, it would be worthwhile examining the attitude of companies to volunteer report corporate governance rather than being enforced to do so. The paper proceeds as follows. Sections 2 and 3 review prior research on the determinants of capital structure and develop the research hypotheses. Section 4 discusses the research method. Section 5 is the data description. The main regression results are presented in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 concludes and suggests areas for future research. 2. Literature review For placing the findings of this study within its context, as well as other environments with similar characteristics this section provides a general description of the environment of the Saudi business practices. Several environmental factors affect Saudi business practice, this section, however, will summaries some of the most important environmental factors, as suggested by the literature such as the political, economical, and social systems and the 1965 Company Law that regulates the practice of Saudi businesses and the guidance of corporate governance issued by SACMA in 2006. As similar to most countries in the Middle Eastern region, the early stage of the political, economic and social development in the country makes the environment of the Saudi audit practice significantly different from that in developed countries. The political system of Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, headed by the King. Within the political system, there are three legislative bodies, which have the authority to initiate and/or approve policies, regulation or rules: the Council of Ministers, the Consultative Council, and various individual Ministries. There are various groups within the political system influence major policy issues and the development of new regulations. The main groups are the royal family, Islamic scholars, state officials, liberal elites, academics, tribal leaders and businessmen; all of whom have different interests and different powers depending on the importance of the issue to its interests and affairs (Al-Amari, 1989; Al-Rumaihi, 1997; Aba-Alkhail, 2001; Economist Intelligence Unit, 2003; Al-Nodel 2004). The Basic Law of Government which was introduced in 1992 is considered to be the constitution of the KSA (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2003). As an Islamic country, the legal system of Saudi Arabia is derived from Islamic law (Shariah; Alquran Alkareem and Sunna Alsharifah), and coded laws for a number of specific fields, such as commerce, tax and labour. Al-Amari (1989) reported that Islamic law, however, prevails in legal disputes. Saudi society is heavily influenced by its Arabic heritage and Islamic values (Al-Rumaihi, 1997; Aba-Alkhail, 2001; Al-Nodel 2004). All Saudis are Muslim, and the Arab Peninsula is the birthplace of Islam. Al-Rumaihi (1997) described Saudi society as characterised by the impact of the personality and power of particular individuals, the role of family and friend relationships over regulations, privilege given to personal relationships over tasks, and the existence of a high level of secrecy. The economy of Saudi Arabia is an oil-based economy and government exercises strong controls over major economic activities. It possesses 25% of the worlds proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. Worldwide oil prices and production volumes strongly affect Saudi economy. Since the discovery of oil in 1938, oil revenue represents the biggest contribution to the economy. In 1990s, it accounted for around 35% of nominal GDP, about 75% of government revenues, and 85% of export receipts (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2003). Table 2 presents the countrys budgetary revenues, expenditures and net surplus or (deficit) for the last three years. Insert Table 1 here Noticeable features of the current practice of Saudi companies are the domination of family businesses, the deep involvement of the government in the private sector, and the existence of a number of foreign-owned and controlled companies based on joint venture agreements with domestic companies. The domination of family businesses type in Saudi Arabia is argued by Al-Nodel (2004). He explained that joint-stock companies represent only 1.14% of the total number, and account for less than 40% of the total capital of the registered businesses. The existence of a number of foreign-owned and controlled companies based on joint venture agreements with domestic companies and the involvement of government in businesses represents another significant feature of the Saudi private sector (Presley, 1984; Aba-Alkhail, 2001). The 1965 Company Law regulates the practice of businesses in Saudi Arabia. It sets conditions for establishing businesses, describes the legal framework for business, and requires the publication of annual financial statements audited by an independent party (see also Al-Rehaily, 1992; Aba-Alkhail, 2001 and Al-Nodel 2004). Articles of the 1965 Company Law sets conditions for several aspects of businesses such as legal frameworks through which business companies can be established, the registration requirements, minimum capital to be maintained, number of partners, number of directors, accounts, the annual audit of the accounts, and so on. Shinawi and Crum (1971) asserted that the origin of the 1965 Saudi Company Law goes back to the British Companies Act of 1948. The similarity between the 1965 Saudi Company Law and the UK acts issued in 1948, 1967 and 1976 was also reported by Kahlid (1983). The main features of the 1965 Company Law are the legal frameworks of businesses and the reporting requirements. It provides several legal frameworks through which business companies can be established such as general partnership, joint venture, joint-stock company, limited liability company, and cooperative company[1]. The 1965 Company Law also sets the reporting requirements of businesses. It requires the issuance of a balance sheet, a profit and loss account, and a report on the companys operations and financial position every fiscal year. It further stipulates that all corporations, and limited liability companies must issue annual financial statements audited by an independent auditor licensed to practice by the Saudi Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The stock market of Saudi Arabia is underdevelopment. In 1984, the Royal Decree No. 81230 was issued as an attempt to officially regulate the stock exchange (Abdeen and Dale, 1984; El-Sharkawy, 2006). Under this Royal Decree, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) was given actual control over the stock exchange through national commercial banks. The significant change was in 2003 when the Saudi Arabian Capital Market Authority (SACMA), which took responsibility from SAMA to oversight the exchange of Saudi stocks, was established (Ramady, 2005). This period observed significant changes with respect to the number of listed companies or market value. Table (3) compares some key numbers of the Saudi stock market between 1996- 2005. Insert Table 2 here In 2006 SACMA intensifies its efforts to provide fairness in the trading of the Saudi stocks. Among these efforts was the issuance of the draft of corporate governance for listed companies in 2006. The draft provides recommendations of the criteria for the best corporate governance practice that should listed companies counsel. It has covered to some extent the main five principles issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): the rights of shareholders, the equitable treatment of shareholders, the role of stakeholders in corporate governance, disclosure and transparency, the responsibility of the board of directors. According to the recommendations of SACMA, listed companies are required to report to SACMA about their compliance with the criteria of corporate governance as issued by SACMA or reasons for uncompliance if any. The disclosure contains, for example, the board of directors functions, responsibilities, formation, committees of board of directors; audit committee; Nomination and Remuneration Committee; Meetings of the Board and Remuneration and Indemnification of Board Members[2]. Finally, SACMA asserted that the criteria for the best corporate governance practice mostly constitutes the guiding principles for all listed companies unless any other regulations, laws or rules require such requirement. Although, corporate governance has been the subject for an extensive research in developed countries[3], limited research has been carried out to investigate the issue of corporate governance in business environment of developing countries. Furthermore, those limited research studies approach the issue whether to describe the state of corporate governance from an official perspective or from the perspective of what should the practical applications of its principles be. For example, Al-Motairy (2003) explores the state of corporate governance practices in Saudi Arabia. He concludes that there is a vital need for (1) a review of these regulations to reflect the current practices of corporate governance, (2) the issuance of guidance for best practices for management and financial affair in corporations and (3) the establishment of an organisation to accelerate the adoption of best practices of corporate governance. Similarly, Fouzy (2003) evaluates the practices of corporate governances principles in Egypt. He recognises the development in Egyptian official regulations toward the application of best practices of corporate governance. He then argues that these developments are not met enough by Egyptian companies in their practical applications. Another example is the study which was carried out by Oyelere and Mohammed (2005) investigating the practices of corporate governance in Oman and how it is being communicated to stakeholders. They recommend enhanced regulation and communication for the Omani stock market to keep pace with the international developments. Finally, a research paper by the Centre for International Private Enterprise (CIPE, 2003) examines the corporate governance practice in four Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Lebanon). It finds that corporate governance practice is approached differently by each country. This is depended on the sophistication of the financial market in each country. The research paper further provides several recommendations to improve the application of the principles of corporate governance in the region as a whole. In conclusion, research studies that investigated the issue of corporate governance assert the importance of better regulations of the corporate governance in the region in order to increase the public confidence in financial markets 3. Research hypotheses Although the relationship between corporate governance and capital structure has been the subject for an extensive research in developed countries, limited research has been carried out to investigate the issue in business environment of developing countries. In the subsequent paragraphs we formulate three research hypotheses. Board size hypothesis The association between board size and capital structure decisions have been well established in prior accounting and finance research. In particular, Mehran (1992), Berger et al. (1997), Wiwattanakantang (1999), Wen et al. (2002), Du and Dia (2005), Abor and Biekpe (2005) and Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2009a and 2009b) examine the association between board size and corporate capital structure decision, but the results are mixed. Mehran (1992), Berger et al. (1997), and Abor and Biekpe (2005) find a significant negative association between the size of the board of directors and debt-to-equity ratios. However, Jensen (1986) finds a positive association between higher debt ratios and larger board size. Other researchers (Wiwattanakantang, 1999; Wen et al., 2002; Al-Najjar and Hussainey, 2009) find that there is no significant association between board size and debt-to-equity ratios. Given the above mixed results, we also revisit this research area and examine the association between board size and capital structure for Saudi Arabian companies. We set the following first research hypothesis for the impact of board size on capital structure: H1: Ceteris paribus, there is a relationship between board size and debt-to-equity ratio. Ownership concentration hypothesis Ownership concentration is considered as one of the key determinants of capital structure decision. Wiwattanakantang (1999) finds that managerial shareholdings have consistent positive influence on family-owned firm leverage. In addition, Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2009a) find that insider ownership is positively and significantly associated with the debt-to-equity ratio. However, Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2009b) did not find the expected significant results. Given the above results are to some extent mixed, we also revisit this research area and examine the association between ownership concentration and capital structure for Saudi Arabian companies. We set the following second research hypothesis for the impact of ownership concentration on capital structure: H2: Ceteris paribus, there is a relationship between ownership concentration and debt-to-equity ratio. Corporate governance reporting A new and growing number of studies have investigated the association between asymmetric information and corporate decisions (see Li and Zhao, 2006 for more details). In a recent paper, Bharath et al. (2009) use a novel information asymmetry index and examine the extent to which information asymmetry is a determinant of capital structure decisions. They found that information asymmetry affects capital structure decisions of US companies. In particular, they found a significant positive association between information asymmetry and debt-to-equity ratio. In other words, their results suggest that firms will higher levels of information asymmetric are more likely to use debt in financing their activities than equity. Based on the above results, we explore the role of the information environment on capital structure decision in Saudi Arabian companies. We use a corporate governance voluntary disclosure index as a measure of a firms information environment. Prior research finds that voluntary disclosure is negatively related to asymmetric information. For example, Hussainey et al. (2003) find higher levels of voluntary disclosure reduce information asymmetry between the firm and investors and hence increase investors ability to better anticipate future earnings. We set the following third research hypothesis for the impact of corporate governance reporting on capital structure: H3: Ceteris paribus, there is a negative relationship between corporate governance reporting and debt-to-equity ratio. 4. Model Development In order to test the above hypotheses, we regress debt-to-equity ratio on some corporate governance characteristics and some control variables. The study will investigate the following model: = ++ Where: is defined as long term debt to equity ratio; is the intercept. is the slope coefficient estimates of regressors. is the corporate governance variables (and control variables) for firm i at time t. Dependent variable: The dependent variable () is defined as the long term debt to equity ratio. Independent variables: We have three independent variables and two control variables. We identify three types of corporate governance variables: (1) Board size (BOARD): This represents the number of executive and non executive directors on the board. (2) Ownership concentration (OWNERSHIP): This represents the total percentage of the companys shares that owned by owners. (3) Corporate governance reporting (DISCLOSURE): This is calculated as the number of sentences that include at least one corporate governance related information. Control variables: (1) Profitability (PROF): we use return on total assets as a measure for firms profitability. (2) Growth opportunity (MB): we use share price to book value ratio as a measure for firms growth opportunity. 5. Data Our data collection is based on a recent paper by Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008). This helps us to focus on a group of firms that report corporate governance information on their websites. Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008) collected their sample from Saudi listed companies websites between October 2005 and January 2006. At that time, the total number of companies listed in the Saudi Stock Market was 77 representing eight sectors: agriculture, services, cement, industrial, banks, electrical, telecommunication and insurance. They used TADAWUL website (www.tdwl.net) and Google website (www.google.com) to access every companys website. They deleted some companies from their analysis for a number of reasons. These include 11 firms without websites; one firm with a website under construction and one firm with a restricted website. This reduced their sample to 64 companies. We also further 27 firms because of missing corporate governance and accounting information. This leads to a sample of 37 l isted firms for the current study. Data on debt-to-equity ratio, Board size, ownership concentration, profitability and price-to-book value ratio are collected from TADAWUL website. Following Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008), we use the content analysis approach to measure the number of sentences that contain corporate governance information. Accordingly we use the corporate governance disclosure index developed by Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008) to analyse the content of every companys website. 6. Empirical Results This section discusses the descriptive analysis, the correlation analysis and the empirical results. Descriptive analysis Table 1 shows the descriptive analysis (mean, minimum, maximum and the standard deviation). It shows that on average the number of directors on board in Saudi Arabia companies is around 8, with a minimum of 4 members and a maximum of 11 members. Mean ownership concentration is 35.6 and the mean corporate governance disclosure is 5 sentences with a minimum of zero corporate governance sentence and a maximum of 21 corporate governance sentences. A broad range of variation in financial variables is also evident in our sample. The debt-to-equity ratio ranges from 0 to 97 with a mean of 24.52 and a standard deviation of 32.576. The return on total assets ratio ranges from -37.3 to 71.74 with a mean of 8.8535 and a standard deviation of 13.81767. The share price to book value ratio ranges from 0 to 21 with a mean of 5.03 and a standard deviation of 5.336. Insert table 3 here Table 2 shows the correlation analysis. The correlation between each of the independent variables is not too high. The highest correlation found between corporate governance disclosure and share price to book value ratio (MB) is 43.5, which is acceptable. This confirms that no multicollinearity problem exists between the independent variables. Insert table 4 here Table 3 shows our empirical results. It shows that the coefficient estimate on board size is positive significant with a p-value of 0.059 (see model 4). This is consistent with Jensen (1986) who also finds a positive association between higher debt ratios and larger board size. Our finding indicates that larger board size puts Saudi Arabian firms in a good position to finance their activities by using debt. This is consistent with the fact that higher quality of corporate governance improves companies financial performance (Bhagat and Bolton, 2008) and hence leads increase the ability of the company to obtain debt. Liang and Zheng (2005) provide an explanation for this positive sign. They argue that boards with a large board size are more likely to have a difficulty in getting an agreement because of different and conflict opinions and views. Accordingly, firms with large number of directors on board might not choose equity financing which requires high transaction cost to resolve co mmunication and coordination dilemma. In addition, they argue that directors would choose debt for financing their activities because this source of finance will not dilute the equity of current shareholders and change their current position. This leads us to accept hypothesis 1. Table 3 also shows that the coefficient estimate on ownership concentration is positive significant with a p-value of 0.005 (see model 4). This result is consistent with Wiwattanakantang (1999) Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2009a). This indicates that when the total percentage of the companys shares is concentrated internally, managers will prefer to use debt to finance their companies activities. This is because as mentioned in Liang and Zheng (2005) debt will not dilute the equity of current shareholders and change their current position. This leads us to accept hypothesis 2. Finally, corporate governance disclosure as a proxy for asymmetric information between managers and investors is expected to be negative and statistically significant. However, Table 3 shows that the coefficient estimate of DISCLOSURE variable is positive, indicating that firms with higher levels of corporate governance disclosure (less information asymmetry) has higher debt-to-equity ratio. This finding is statistically insignificant and not consistent with prior research. This leads us to reject hypothesis 3. 7. Conclusion The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of corporate governance mechanisms on capital structure for Saudi Arabian listed companies. Our results show that the corporate capital structure decisions in Saudi Arabia is driven by some of the same corporate governance determinates suggested in prior research. Based on a sample of 37 Saudi Arabian listed companies, our results show that the number of directors on boards and ownership concentration are the main drivers of Saudi companies for capital structure decisions. As mentioned in Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008), the main limitation of the study is that it did not cover the whole market so the sample may not be representative of the population of Saudi companies. This, however, is justified by the nature of the study, which relied on the availability of companies websites. So companies that are not included in our study are more likely to have either no website, with a website under construction or the access to the information in their website is restricted. This is evident by checking the type of companies, which are not included. We found that these companies are in general small and less likely to use the online reporting. Nevertheless, a study with a large number of companies is needed for future research.

Professionalism, Ethics And Integrity Of The Bartholomew...

I. Introduction All members of the Bartholomew Police Department are reminded that professionalism, ethics and integrity are of great importance. Members of this department are held to a high standard of conduct and while on or off duty, because you are a police officer 24/7, 365 days a year. As an officer of this department your actions reflect on this department, the good and the bad set a tone and a reputation with the community in which we as a department serve. Therefore, no employee’s actions shall bring discredit or shame upon this department. The developments and evolution of technology are an invaluable resource to assist the department in the performance of its duties. Although highly useful, like a double-edged sword could be harmful or detrimental to the department, in that it presents opportunities to access and use technology in both legitimate and illegitimate methods. Employees may only operate department equipment for its intended purpose and are restricted to using department electronic messaging systems for official business only. II. Purpose The purpose of this policy is to establish departmental rules and regulations concerning the utilization of social networking sites, personal web pages or other internet sites when referencing the Bartholomew Police Department. Furthermore, it is to ensure that employees use appropriate discretion use of references to the Bartholomew Police Department, in order not to discredit or disrespect the department, to

Pro Ana Websites Encourage Harmful Behavior - 1273 Words

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Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (AAADT) Essay Example For Students

Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (AAADT) Essay During the time Alvin Ailey started the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (AAADT) (1958), he lived in a heavily racist America. Ailey grew up in Texas with his single mother. At this time (1930s) Texas and America as a whole were places where white was right   and segregation was at large. He moved from here at 12 to LA and then later New York at 18, where he began his Broadway career. Ailey had many influences within dance, such as influences from his training (Lester Horton, Martha Graham, Kathryn Dunham and Jack Cole); styles from each choreographer are shown within his work. In America in the 1950s, racism towards black/African American people had progressed for the better, however it was still evident in everyday life especially in the south. Some schools wouldnt permit black children to study alongside white children and was a contributing factor alongside Aileys own blood memories to start a dance company primarily for black people to celebrate them and their cultures. When the company first started in 1958, Alvin Ailey had specific requirements for whom to cast; athletically built, very talented but most importantly black dancers. Ailey wanted to represent black people in a positive way, raising awareness of their mistreatment and celebrating the faith of the church and God who carried them to become who they are today. Aileys first piece for AAADT was Blues Suite  , (March 30th 1958) which was about his Texan Roots. This was a very important piece as this was not only the first piece, therefore representing the company but also was showing the influences both choreographically and narrative from Aileys life. Moving onto the 1960s, this was a massive revolution for black African American people within American as Rob Kennedy stopped segregation on public transport, later followed by the civil movements involving Martin Luther King, the ever legendary I have a dream   speech. This revolution continued into the later years of the 60s as black people were allowed the chance to vote, interracial marriages were allowed, and fair housing/wages were given to black people. As America changed so did the AAADT. It had more white dancers or non-African American dancers within the company, representing the cultural diversity happening within the outside political world. Arguably the most famous work Alvin Ailey has created was made in 1960 Revelations . Similarly to Blues Suite  this piece was based on Aileys blood memories from Texas, such as his baptism, but also represented black people as a whole. It shows the progression from slavery to freedom and celebration through three sections; Pilgrim of Sorrow  , Take me to the water   and Move members move  . It was a very important statement piece as it fitted with the changes within racial equality that was happening at the time. Also in 1965 Judith Jamison joined AAADT, who would later be a very influential member of the company. The 1970s showed yet more progression for black people. The black is beautiful   movement happened; this was when black people taking a stand once and for all saying that black is right just as much as white  . Within the AAADT many works were created a few were; Cry  (1971). â€Å"A present to his mother for her birthday, it explored the strength and pain black women face. It also featured Judith Jamison as principle dancer and Memoria   (1979). â€Å"A dedicated celebration of his dear friend and colleague, Joyce Trisler life. It became more evident that Ailey was beginning to break away from the typical blood memory narrative and was making more abstract pieces. Also during the 70s Ailey founded the second company Ailey. Even though racism had progressed massively within the last 30 years, the 1980s still showed evidence of it, however not close to that in the past. More black people were shown on TV and FILM and some people argue that it is because of the contribution of the Ailey Company had to the arts. .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b , .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b .postImageUrl , .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b , .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b:hover , .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b:visited , .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b:active { border:0!important; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b:active , .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u808f21fc1a5df4bf4b05469d6bb1858b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dance EssayWorks made by Ailey before his death in 1989 were For Bird With Love   (1984) â€Å" A tribute to the life of jazz musician Charlie Bird Parker and Witness   1986 a celebration of the strength, elegance and versatility of the Ailey woman. Also during the 80s Judith Jamison created Divining (1984) which was showed as an AAADT piece. After Alvin Aileys death in 1989, his muse Judith Jamison was appointed Artistic Director of AAADT. She took the company on a more abstract route, just as Ailey was doing towards the end of his career. She created works such as; Forgotten Time  (1989). A piece about 12 dancers on a journey through ancient rituals of love and tribal traditions. Hymn (1993). â€Å"A co-choreographed piece by herself, Renny Harn and Robert Battle. It was a mix of contemporary, ballet and street dance, bringing the AAADT into the 21st century as it is representing the dance trends of the time. Before Jamison came to AAADT she trained in Philadelphia in ballet, tap, modern, jazz and acrobatics. These styles can be seen within her work today, representing her inspirations. Due to the fact she also trained with Ailey from being a young adult she also has elements of his influences within her work also. Not only did Jamison study dance, but also acting and singing as she was on Broadway just like Ailey, this will justify the showmanship with her works, especially Love Stories . In the 1990s, and into the 2000s, the AAADT gained a lot of publicity from the social media and media, helping the company to be as successful as it is today. When Hymn   was being created (1993) the AAADT Company performed for Bill Clinton to a TV audience of 80,000,000! This gained a lot of attention towards the company, helping it secure its financial income. Something the company struggled with a little under Ailey made clear by having to buy cheap costumes and make them look extravagant themselves. Also in the same year, the company performed in central park in front of 30,000 people. In 2008, the company celebrated their 50th anniversary and two years later saw the company be handed over to Robert Battle. He was appointed artistic director, however Jamison kept her involvement in the company, just as she did as a young dancer and was the artistic director emerita, so she still had a say in the decisions. Overall, the company has progressed massively in terms of choreography due to the influences of different artistic directors and their training, but also racially. As racism became less common, the more celebrated and accepted black people became, making it easier for them to be treated as equals. The AAADT Company has shown this through dance and helped towards the positive attitudes we see within not just the arts but society and politics today.